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Openness to experience is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model. Openness involves six facets, or dimensions, including active imagination (fantasy), aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, and intellectual curiosity.〔Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). ''NEO personality Inventory professional manual''. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.〕 A great deal of psychometric research has demonstrated that these facets or qualities are significantly correlated.〔 Thus, openness can be viewed as a global personality trait consisting of a set of specific traits, habits, and tendencies that cluster together. Openness tends to be normally distributed with a small number of individuals scoring extremely high or low on the trait, and most people scoring moderately.〔 People who score low on openness are considered to be ''closed to experience''. They tend to be conventional and traditional in their outlook and behavior. They prefer familiar routines to new experiences, and generally have a narrower range of interests. People high in openness tend to have more liberal political views, whereas those who are low in openness tend to be more conservative, and are more likely to endorse authoritarian, ethnocentric and prejudiced views.〔〔 Openness has moderate positive relationships with creativity, intelligence and knowledge. Openness is related to the psychological trait of absorption, and like absorption has a modest relationship to individual differences in hypnotic susceptibility. Openness has more modest relationships with aspects of subjective well-being than other Five Factor Model personality traits. On the whole openness appears to be largely unrelated to symptoms of mental disorders. Religious fundamentalism and to a lesser extent general traditional religiosity tend to be associated with low openness, whereas open mature religiosity and spirituality tend to be associated with high openness.〔 ==Measurement== Openness to experience is usually assessed with self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation are also used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken * Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect openness to experience traits, such as ''creative, intellectual, artistic, philosophical, deep''. Goldberg (1992) developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier’s original mini-markers have been found suboptimal with samples outside of North America.〔 As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed to have better psychometric properties, the International English Mini-Markers.〔 The International English Mini-Markers has good psychometric validity for assessing openness and other five factor personality model dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the Openness measure is .84 for both native and non-native English-speakers. * Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence take up more research instrument space, than lexical measures. For example, the Openness (intellect) scale of Goldberg's International Personality Item Pool is 45 words compared Saucier or Thompson’s (2008) 8-word lexical scale for Openness.〔 Examples of statement measure items are ''Love to think up new ways of doing things'' and ''Have difficulty understanding abstract ideas''.〔 Two examples of statement measures are the NEO PI-R, based on the Five Factor Model, and the HEXACO-PI-R based on the HEXACO model of personality.〔http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544288723&partnerID=40&md5=ed34e329995a6f728720326f9fc946b5〕 In these tests, openness to experience is one of the six measured personality dimensions; in both tests openness to experience has a number of facets. The NEO PI-R assesses six facets called openness to ideas, feelings, values, fantasy, aesthetics, and actions respectively. The HEXACO-PI-R assesses four facets called inquisitiveness, creativity, aesthetic appreciation, and unconventionality. A number of studies have found that openness to experience has two major subcomponents, one related to intellectual dispositions, the other related to the experiential aspects of openness, such as aesthetic appreciation and openness to sensory experiences. These subcomponents have been referred to as intellect and experiencing openness respectively, and have a strong positive correlation (r = .55) with each other. According to research by Sam Gosling, it is possible to assess openness by examining people's homes and work spaces. Individuals who are highly open to experience tend to have distinctive and unconventional decorations. They are also likely to have books on a wide variety of topics, a diverse music collection, and works of art on display.〔Gosling, S. (2008). ''Snoop: What your stuff says about you''. New York: Basic Books.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「openness to experience」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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